Worldwide innovations in packaging technology with a ‘touch of greenness” and an accent on sustainability and recyclability

Manufacturing bottles by thermoforming film material is not new. Thermoforming is a generic term for the manufacturing of plastic components through the vacuum and / or pressure forming processes. A simplistic overview of the single-sheet thermoforming process consists of heating extruded plastic sheet and forming the sheet over a male mould or into a female mould. (For a detailed explication of the thermoforming process see the end of this article).

The first attempts to create bottles by thermoforming were in the 1930s, but, although a number of projects has been pursued, they all were without commercial success.
The recent years, however, have seen successful developments in thermoforming bottles, closed with a pre-punched round aluminium seal, especially in the sector between 50 – 200 ml bottles used for yogurt, juice and isotonic drinks.

The Illig Technology
For this market segment Illig Maschinenbau GmbH & Co. KG, in Heilbronn / Germany introduced its Bottleform BF 70 process in 2008. The material is drawn from the reel, heated and deep drawn in the forming station, mechanically pre-stretched, and subsequently formed by using sterile pressure air. However, due to the bottle design with its significant undercuts, it is necessary to have movable tool parts to enable de-moulding of the bottles. In addition a forming procedure has to be found, which enables an absolutely uniform wall thickness distribution despite reduced initial area and high depth of draw. With the use of specific tools in combination with a servo plug assist and control of the forming air it is possible to deep draw bottles at a stability in line with market conditions even out of a material only 1.4 mm thick (top load)!
The stability of the bottle is a decisive feature for further procedures like filling, sealing and transport. This applies for both the vertical load and the stability of the side walls.
The bottle rims have always to be absolutely even round for sealing. The quality of the sealing rims is decisive for the exact sealing. The secure lock between round plate and bottle guarantees longer durability.
Products do not show a middle seam that is a typical characteristic of blow moulded bottles.

Illig claims that a comparable bottle made by blow moulding has an average weight up to 8.5 gram. A thermoformed bottle stays far below this weight, as the average weight is 4.5 gram.

The Agami ‘Roll N Blow’ Technology
It is obvious that this system has its limits in terms of dimensions (50 – 200 ml). Furthermore they have a sealed top and not a screw closure as blow moulded bottles have. But more recently we have seen the solution for both problems with the development of Agami in France by blow moulding / thermoforming plastic bottles from the reel. I wrote about this development in my article “Highlights of Interpack 2011 – The Second Day”.

The Bottle Thermoforming machine ‘Roll N Blow’ of French company Agami, is based on an innovative technology of tubular thermoforming from a plastic sheet in reel. This sheeting is cut into strips, and each strip is shaped into a tube around a blow pipe. Each strip is then welded lengthwise and the resulting plastic tube is heated and blown into a mould, in order to create the bottle. This technology authorizes high and round shapes for a volume from 100 to 500 ml.

The Hol-Pack Technology
The world of thermoforming bottles is getting much more interesting since a mainly unknown Rudolf Holzleitner, of Hol-Pack Verpackungen from Piberbach in Austria, patented (EP2091829) his invention.

Hol-Pack patented the thermoformed, welded plastic bottle for filling non-carbonated liquids for larger bottles, up to 1.25 litres. The Hol-Pack process involves thermoforming two sheet halves, joined in such a way that the parting line forms a flange-shaped undercut within the bottle. The flanges are welded together at the end of the bottle forming process. The parting line can be arranged along or across the bottle vertical axis.

The lengthwise version allows for production of multi-chamber bottles. Sleeves and labels can be used to conceal the weld line, which is visually unappealing but adds stiffness to finished bottles.

Bottling companies have the option whether to manufacture the entire bottle from a film reel, or buy pre-made semi-finished halves and only carry out the welding of the delivered items on their own machines.

As it is possible to thermoform such semi-finished products in a stackable version, the stackable semis also allow for a commercially interesting modular system. Easily changeable, various bottle shapes are achieved by the fusion of different parts. This technology allows bottlers to a great variety of options and flexibility in bottle shapes as well as in material.

Technically the welded sheet thermoformed bottles feature, compared with blow-moulded bottles, a higher stiffness, due to the welding of the undercuts.

Up till this moment the thermoformed, welded plastic bottles only are suitable for filling non-carbonated liquids, but I am sure that future development will eliminate this restriction and that we will see quite some new applications for this technology, due to its economic prizing, its flexibility in processing, the almost unlimited choice of material, and the almost unlimited free-hand of the designer.

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What is Thermoforming?
For my readers who want to know in more detail about the thermoforming technology. Here are the principles.
Thermoforming is a generic term for the manufacturing of plastic components through the vacuum and / or pressure forming processes. A simplistic overview of the single-sheet thermoforming process consists of heating extruded plastic sheet and forming the sheet over a male mould or into a female mould. Depending on what type of mould a customer selects, the thermoforming process allows the customer the ability to receive a part with the same aesthetic properties as an injection-moulded part at a fraction of the tooling expense involved in injection moulding.
There are 4 basic processes in the Thermoforming Technology: Vacuum Forming, Pressure Forming, Mechanical Forming and Pressure Diaphragm Forming.

Vacuum Forming – The most common method with the simplest mould. The sheets adhere to the mould using atmospheric pressure. Various other versions of the process are available, using pre-blowing (balloon), negative forming (plug assisted), reverse blow moulding, etc.

Pressure Forming – A blowing bell is combined with the mould, in order to increase, through the use of compressed air, the adherence of the sheet onto the mould. Indispensable for tenacious materials and clearer definition on the surface of the sheet in contact with the mould.

Mechanical Forming – Pre-cutting negative forming (plug assisted) is combined to the base mould in order to obtain areas precise details on the surface of the sheet opposite that facing the mould.

Pressure Diaphragm Forming – The sheet adheres to the mould through the use of an elastic diaphragm which is compressed by a high pressure fluid. Indispensable for extremely tenacious materials.

Some of these same principles apply to another thermoforming processes: twin sheeting. Twin-sheeting is heating two sheets of plastic and forming simultaneously on two opposing half-moulds, and then welded together under high pressure. Cavities can also be created with materials of varying colour and type.
In some cases, the twin-sheeting process produces parts that resemble a blow-moulded part, but the twin sheeting process allows the customer to receive 1) a higher quality, more aesthetic part, 2) a two colour part, and 3) a part with an assembly device trapped inside as the part is being formed.
source: Kenplas Industry Ltd.

Shatler's Caipirinha in a CartoCan

In June last year, I wrote that “the revolution in the bottling industry is on”. It seems to be working out that way, as recently we have seen some very interesting developments in beverage cans. No, not the well-known metal can, but beverage cans made from paperboard. These developments are pioneering in the aseptic can as well as in the paperboard packaging field.

After the, in Germany developed, Cartocan for 250ml energy drinks entered the market in 2010, a new Euro patent application (EP 2017178) emerged, relating to an identical drinks can made from paperboard. The third development, although not for beverages, but for motor oil, is from Sonoco UK.

Kirei no Susume, launched by Shiseido on July 21, 2010, is packaged in a Cartocan

Why these developments in paperboard cans for liquids? Beverage cans, traditionally made from metal, aluminium or tinplate, have become more expensive over the last years, whereas paperboard has remained consistently cheaper. But there is one more reason.
Paperboard cans are favoured by the European packaging laws. The paperboard can is classified as ‘Ecological Favourable Packaging’, a German typification in its “packaging laws”, which add 25 eurocents (a refundable packaging tax deposit) to the price of all metal cans sold by beverage resellers.

It is not surprising of course that all three are European developments. In the USA we don’t see a packaging tax, refundable or not, to protect the environment and stimulate recycling, and consequently we don’t see, as we see in Europe, the implementation of ‘packaging laws’ stimulating developments of more environmental friendly packaging formats.

Let’s have a detailed look at these three paperboard beverage cans.

The Composite Can
Paperboard hollow bodies aren’t new. Since ages we use the convulgated winded paperboard cans or tubes as we call them, but never for beverages. We all know the composite can or paperboard can used for dry products and sometimes for pastes, such as creams, balms and oil-based products.

The EcoPak made by Chicago Paper Tube & Can Co Inc

Although often seen as a simple packaging format for simple products (see my post: “EcoPak and Ecocentric – What’s in a Name?” ). there are some examples of brilliant design using the composite can in the upscale market. One of these examples is the Biznaga range of Spanish Gourmet specialties.

The composite can or paperboard can or tube is mostly a round container comprised of a body with two ends made from a variety of materials. The packaging can be produced in many shapes and sizes. The container body is made from paper, and various liner materials to achieve barrier requirements and often completed with a printed label for packaging graphics.

The CartoCan
The new paperboard can, which is made by Michael Hörauf Maschinenfabrik GmbH in Donzdorf / Germany and marketed under the brand name Cartocan, is a highly innovative and brand-appropriate take on the ubiquitous 250ml energy metal drink cans.
CartoCan is the new, high-quality packaging alternative to the tinplate and aluminium can. The slim, cylindrical, trendy format permits a clear positioning of the product at the point of sale.

With the CartoCan, as packaging format, Michael HörAuf offers a complete system for packaging production, sterilization and filling of beverages and food with a shelf life of 12 months. In addition to the aseptic filling of the CartoCan, the company ensures that the mild heat treatment retains the taste, texture, aroma and colour of the product as it undergoes, it claims, optimal processing.

Wood fibre is under ecological conditions a natural renewable and recyclable raw material. The properties of the material along with the environmentally friendly manufacturing and recycling process ensure that the CartoCan supports a brand’s environmental policies.
The CartoCan can be filled with from flavoured milk drinks to tea, from fruit juices to energy drinks.

Full system supplier IPI s.r.l. in Perugia/Italy is one of the system partners for CartoCan and provides the material, which is especially developed for this product. This ensures a full compatibility between equipment and material.

The multi-layer structure is designed in order to produce a protective barrier for the products to be filled. Its structural integrity guarantees preservation of the contents of the product during its entire shelf-life.

Cartocan cans (capacity 200 to 250 ml) feature carton barrier laminates (aluminium or EVOH layers inside and outside are optional), flexographic printing, sleeve material printed in 5 colours, and a wide choice of designs.
Cartocan can be recycled in the same manner as milk cartons.

The Keienburg Paperboard Can
Recently a new Euro patent application (EP 2017178 in German) emerged, relating to an identical drinks can made from paperboard. There is not yet an official brand name available for this can, so I call it, for the time being, after the inventor Günther Keienburg.

Let’s first look at the abstract of EP 2017178 (A2): “The casing comprises a parallelly coiled layer of cellulose-containing material in the form of cardboard and/or pasteboard, and a liquid-proof functional layer. An inner casing surface facing content of the container includes an ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer barrier layer with a weight of 10 grams per meter square. A container wall includes a four layer sulphate cardboard with a weight of 250 grams per meter square. The material comprises polyethylene and polyamide coatings”.

It’s a development of Keienburg Agentur für Verpackung GmbH in Rhauderfehn / Germany, which, alongside the cans, offers production units to erect the can body. This gives drinks manufacturers the ability to make the paperboard cans at source, eliminating the high costs for transportation and storage of empty metal cans.
To produce the cardboard can only board reels and can tops and ends are delivered to the fillers. One reel of 4 feet diameter and 0.5 feet width is equivalent to 4.000 cans. The production units offered by Keienburg are said to be capable of producing in excess of 40,000 paperboard cans every single hour.
Currently used filling lines only need simple modifications to process the paperboard cans as standard aluminium pull up can tops are used. This newly introduced production system is said to save up to 30% of the production costs.

The difference between the Cartoncan and the Keienburg can is that the Cartoncan uses an adhesive tape to cover and close the drinking hole in the paperboard top of the can, while Keienburg uses the standard original metal can ends, creating an almost identical beverage can as we know it. This difference in can construction is important as the Keienburg can is designed for carbonised beverages, just like its metal carbon copy.

The Sonoco rigid paperboard can for motor oils
Last month Sonoco, the world’s oldest and largest producer of paperboard cans, also entered, via its UK subsidiary, the market of paperboard cans for liquids. However not for beverages as the former two, but for motor oils.

Sonoco’s solution was a rigid paper container with metal ends that offers the same product appearance and protection for liquids, but at a lower cost and using far more sustainable materials. According to Sonoco, the screw-top, paperboard can is durable enough to last the required product’s four year shelf life.
Furthermore the company claims that the rigid paper container demonstrates significant economic and environmental improvements in its life cycle assessment when compared to the steel can that is generally used in the motor oil market. Not only does it result in a 27% reduction in material weight inputs and reduces the customer’s shipping and handling costs, it also results in a 34% reduction in energy inputs, a 20% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and a 2% reduction in chemical bad actors.

The Future
Now start thinking. Use your imagination.
Some months ago I wrote about the new Evero Aseptic paperboard bottle from Tetra. Although I think Sonoco is using its convulgated winded paperboard tubes, cutting them in the required sizes, HörAuf and Keienburg are rolling a paperboard sheet in a similar way as Tetra is doing for its Evero.

The Keienburg can uses aluminium ends as are commonly used for 3-piece metal tins. Tetra is using a plastic shoulder/neck which is glued into the paperboard body.
You can see that the Keyenburg paperboard can assembled with a shoulder/neck piece, results in a paperboard can with an aluminium or plastic bottom end and a shoulder/neck, emerging into a full bottle with screw cap facility.

Compare also the development of the Aisa can, I wrote about in my article “Tetra Evero Aseptic and AisaCan – The Revolution of Multi-Material Bottles”

A fascinating evolution in beverage bottles and cans is awaiting us.

Note: I couldn’t find a website of Keienburg, But for those interested here is the full address:  Keienburg Agentur für Verpackung GmbH, Rajen 21, 26817 Rhauderfehn, Germany.

The last months of 2011 have seen some serious publications about Food Safety and Packaging, as well as Packaging and Sustainability. I selected the 4 most important to show for further study here.

The time of frolicking around is over. The last month of 2011, I wrote several articles about fancy and exclusive packaging designs. I still have some left, but that’s for the end of this month. The New Year started and it is time to go back to serious business.

The last months of 2011 have seen some serious publications about Food Safety and Packaging, as well as Packaging and Sustainability. I selected the 4 most important to show for further study here:
1.    A complimentary white paper which provides an overview of the Food Safety Management Systems and Food Packaging Design and Manufacture Standards: ISO 22000, PAS 223 AND FSSC 22000. The white paper is written by SGS, the world’s leading inspection, verification, testing and certification company.

2.    The European Commission (EC) published a guidance on active and intelligent (A&I) food packaging to help industry, professionals and national authorities understand and implement the underlying legislation passed two years ago.
3.    A Green Paper on Packaging and Sustainability, published by EuroPen. A result from a broad stakeholder consultation on the topic of Packaging and Sustainability. The paper concludes that packaging should be seen as part of the solution in achieving a resource efficient society.
4.    And finally the Consumer Goods Forum released the Global Protocol on Packaging Sustainability (GPPS) to enable the consumer goods industry to better assess the relative sustainability of packaging.

Let’s look at the publications in detail. I included links so that you can download the publications (in pdf), if they are of interest to you. But first some excerpts.

First the white paper: Overview of the Food Safety Management Systems and Food Packaging Design and Manufacture Standards: ISO 22000, PAS 223 AND FSSC 22000
This white paper written by Supreeya Sansawat (Global Food Business Manager, SGS) and John Terry (Global Product Manager, Food Supply Chain Assurance SGS) is a discussion about the relevant standards ISO 22000, PAS 223 and FSSC 22000.
The document aims to provide an overview of these standards and discusses how the food packaging industry came together to develop PAS 223 ‘Pre-requisite Programmes and Design Requirements for Food Safety in the Manufacture and Provision of Food Packaging’ and how
PAS 223, coupled with ISO 22000 now forms the Food Safety Systems Certification (FSSC) 22000 standard for food packaging.
Within the context of food packaging it explains issues such as the potential migration of harmful chemicals or other contaminants to the food and the potential dangers associated with increased use of recycled materials and mislabelled products.

This 16-page white paper (click the title or the image at the side to download the document in pdf) handles, apart from Packaging and Food Safety, the Global Food Safety Initiative (GFSI) Benchmarking for Food Packaging and an Overview of ISO 22000 and PAS 223, a discussion combining Food Packaging Safety Schemes with those related to the Environment, Health and Safety and Quality Control.

Secondly we have seen the EU Guidance to the Commission Regulation (EC) No 450/2009 of 29 May 2009 on active and intelligent materials and articles intended to come into contact with food.
The Framework Regulation (EC) 1935/20048 allows the introduction of active and intelligent packaging on the European market. This Regulation states that food contact materials shall not transfer constituents to food in quantities, which could endanger human health, bring about an unacceptable change in the composition and bring about deterioration in organoleptic characteristics thereof (Article 3).

The guidance defines an active packaging as a type of food packaging with an extra function, in addition to that of providing a protective barrier against external influence. Active packaging is intended to influence the packed food. The packaging absorbs food-related chemicals from the food or the environment within the packaging surrounding the food; or it releases substances into the food or the environment surrounding the food such as preservatives, antioxidants, flavourings, etc.

An intelligent packaging provides the user with information on the conditions of the food. In contrary to active components, intelligent components do not have the intention to release their constituents into the food. The intelligent component may be positioned on the outer surface of the package and may be separated from the food by a functional barrier. The functional barrier concept is explained in the guidance.

This EU guidance, which is an evolving document and will be updated to further clarify aspects related to the implementation of this legislation, gives definitions and examples, handles legal aspects in relation to the authorisation of active or intelligent substances or components, contains the EU list of substances that may be used in active or intelligent components and has a questions and answers section related to the risk assessment and authorisation procedure.

To read the full 26-pages document, click the title or the image at the side (downloading in pdf)

The third publication I advise my readers to consult is a Green Paper – Packaging and Sustainability – An open dialogue between stakeholders, published by EuroPen.
Europen, with its slogan “The Voice of Industry for Packaging and the Environment”, is a pan-European cross-sectoral industry and trade body dedicated exclusively to this subject. In November 2011 they published a green paper as result of an open dialogue between stakeholders on packaging’s role in society. Representatives of environmental NGO’s, the European Commission, The World Business Council for Sustainable Development, retailers and retailer trade associations and Europen corporate members were among stakeholders involved in shaping and endorsing the contents of the Green Paper.

The Green Paper is predicated on the initial, common sense position that packaging is a necessary element in the functioning of our economy. In this context, the document sets out to re-examine the core questions about the place that packaging plays in the drive towards sustainable production and consumption. The contributors to this paper hope that it will provide a way of addressing and understanding the challenges that are involved in choosing how goods should be packaged.
In particular, this paper provides some answers to the varied questions that must be asked in order to attain the ‘Optimum Packaging Design’, with the lowest possible environmental impact. To support the decision-making process, seven key considerations around the areas of material selection, design, consumer choice, production, use, end-of-life and innovative business models were identified and discussed.

The full 16-page Green Paper can be downloaded in pdf by clicking the title or the image at the side.

The last document I want to attract your attention to is the Global Protocol on Packaging Sustainability (GPPS).
By its nature packaging is very visible and in a world of scarce resources it is something that attracts the attention of consumers, the media and environmentalists. They often challenge the industry to address it. And of course the industry has a responsibility to review and optimize the environmental performance of the packaging it uses with respect to all relevant life cycle stages.
Finding the balance between under-packaging and over-packaging is the aim for all businesses.

That’s why the Consumer Goods Forum published the First Global Measurement System for Packaging Sustainability to enable the consumer goods industry to better assess the relative sustainability of packaging. The Consumer Goods Forum is sponsored by two of the organisation’s board members: Philip Clarke, CEO of Tesco and Paul Polman, CEO of Unilever.

The aim of the Protocol is to help companies reduce the environmental impact of their packaging by providing a common language to address a range of business questions about packaging sustainability either within a company or between business partners. That common language consists of a framework and a measurement system. The framework entitled A Global Language for Packaging Sustainability was first published in June 2010. The metrics presented in the Protocol published today deliver the measurement system.

In this case, if you are interested and as a matter of fact, you must be, there are 3 pdf’s to download.
The Framework : A global language for Packaging and Sustainability
Global Protocol on Packaging Sustainability (GPPS)
Questions & Answers: Frequently asked questions about the GPPS 2.0

Click the titles or the images to download the pdf.

Reading these reports mentioned here is a real good start of 2012.

As is tradition each end of the year people are reflecting on the results or performance of the previous year. So do I, and I have to say that I am quite proud of what has been reached. I thank all my readers for the attention they gave my blog and I hope that the content has been helpful in their professional lives. Anyway it was and still is my intention to write about developments in packaging technology and explain in detail the innovations, so that even professionals remotely related to packaging do understand the basics and background of packaging technology. And not only that, as I sincerely Read the rest of this entry »

Happy New Year

This last day of the year, I will not irritate you with a story about packaging. However, stupidity sometimes leads to a form of packaging, very rare in this world. Well, with an open mind, you can call the following example a form of packaging, namely packaging your car between the walls of a staircase. For me, the ultimate in stupidity, but also a nice final number of this year.

In São Paulo today a driver tried to descend a flight of steps with his car and of course got stuck between the walls.

Photo: Eliezer dos Santos / VC in G1

After exiting his car through the window, he declared that he didn’t recognise the road as a cul-de-sac and thought that the stairs were just the continuation of the road.

The story doesn’t tell whether it was a male or female driver, but in any case a brainless one.

Happy New Year

This is one of my last articles of this year. We are near Christmas and half of the world has arranged for a short holiday. I can’t imagine anybody having an interest in packaging technology during these days. May I wish my readers a Merry Christmas or Happy Holidays or whatever you want to call these special days of the year.

In the past we were used to wish everybody “Peace on Earth”, and although still very relevant in these days, this wish seems to be out of fashion. However I wish everybody peaceful days and hope we once will face a world without conflict. It is too childish the way we are creating world conflicts. We are living in the 21st century, for Christ sake, we must be able Read the rest of this entry »

Just for Christmas one more overview of whisky bottles with its relevant packaging. Some very exclusives you will not find in the shops, but are worth a look at in terms of packaging technology.
Enjoy them.

Royal Salute pays homage to the exceptional
Scotch whisky Royal Salute has crafted a blend – Tribute to Honour – to pay homage to the oldest crown jewels of the British Isles: The Honours of Scotland. The narrative of the Honours comprises glorious legends and intrigue and remains a powerful and inscrutable ode to Scottish history.
Royal Salute Tribute to Honour marks a historical pinnacle in whisky making.

The most exquisite, precious and scarce whiskies are used to create Tribute To Honour, from which just 21 bottles have been created by master blender Colin Scott. Fittingly, the whisky is presented in a spectacular bejewelled bottle.

Once a design was Read the rest of this entry »

Before I do a second article about exclusive whisky packaging released in 2011, I like to show my readers the efforts of design companies in relation to vodka bottles.
As said before, in general, vodka is marketed to the “average” consumer. To attract their attention the vodka distilleries are engaging design bureaus to create every so often a new exorbitant design, as 20% of the consumers make their choice when “the packaging/bottle appears prestigious or sophisticated” and 17% when “the packaging/bottle appears sexy or hip”.
Nearly one third of all spirit drinkers like to try a new spirit brand because of its attractive or special packaging. These survey results can clearly be seen in the designs of vodka bottles. It is very similar with the labels of wine, of which is well known that its design influences the consumer unquestionably.
Here we go with vodka bottles. Read the rest of this entry »

Some years ago I wrote an article, titled “Shaping Glass for Vodka”. Since then it has been one of the most popular articles on my blog, attracting thousands of readers even today. That’s amazing, as personally, I find the glass bottles for whisky much more a challenge to design. (Read also my articles of last year “Extravagance in Glass – Limited Edition Whisky Bottles”, Part 01, and 02)
Maybe the reason for this is that whisky, in an exceptional packaging, is much more exclusive, and consequently more expensive, than glass bottles for vodka, which see exorbitant designs even for vodkas, affordable, price-wise, by the average consumer.

It is a fact that spirits companies introduce the most fantastic glass bottle designs to attract consumers. Designers for whisky, vodka and high-end mineral water bottles have all the freedom they wish to create some exceptional design. We are running towards the end-of-the-year, so, I decided to give a limited overview of glass bottles. In three article Read the rest of this entry »

It is fun to make a round-up of all fancy, exorbitant and specially shaped packaging seen in 2011. There is more and I certainly will write some more overviews. It is not mainstream packaging technology, but several examples might give you inspiration for your own range of products.
The shapes and designs of vodka and whisky bottles as well as mineral water, and not to forget perfumes will be in the next articles.

Whisky and vodka are out. Cachaça is in.
Velho Barreiro, the cachaça (Brazilian rum) brand of Indústria de Aguardente Tatuzinho, enters the group of the world’s most expensive drinks. The Velho Barreiro Diamond is bottled in a packaging produced by French glass manufacturer Saverglass, with a frame made of silver and gold and studded by 211 diamonds and a 0.7 carat diamond in the centre of the bottle. In all, Read the rest of this entry »

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